Collective Thomson Scattering (CTS) diagnostics require high signal fidelity, temporal coverage, and calibration robustness, particularly looking ahead toward long-pulse and steady-state fusion devices. Until 2024, the CTS fast-digitization chain employed at ASDEX Upgrade (AUG) was limited by a duty cycle below 6% over 10 s, constraining both temporal continuity and the statistical quality of...
The ITER High Frequency Radiometer (HFR) is designed to measure electron temperature and to detect neoclassical tearing modes in real time. In addition, it will provide numerous support measurements including detection of ELMS and MHD modes. A unique feature of the system is an in-situ calibration tool -- a hot source operating at 700 C -- which is needed to account for gradual degradation of...
SPARC [1] is a high-field (12T), superconducting, D-T tokamak under development by Commonwealth Fusion Systems. SPARC aims to demonstrate a fusion gain (Q) > 1, with projections to reach Q ~ 11 in high-performance plasmas [1]. An electron cyclotron emission (ECE) radiometer will provide kinetic profile measurements important for thermal stored energy measurements and verifying fusion gain as...
The Fourier-Transform Spectrometers (FTS) planned for ITER measure broadband Electron Cyclotron Emission (ECE) for plasma temperature profile estimation.
The diagnostic principle requires it to be absolutely calibrated so that the intensity of the emission is derivable from the measurement at every frequency in the specified spectral range of 70–1000 GHz.
This work finds an approximation...
